Windows command promt in 20 minutes : Crash Course

Windows Command Prompt in 20 Minutes

What is Command Prompt?

Command Prompt (executable name cmd.exe) is the Microsoft-supplied command-line interpreter on OS/2, Windows CE and on Windows NT-based operating systems (including Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, Server 2003, Server 2008,Server 2008 R2 and Server 2012). It is the analog of COMMAND.COM in MS-DOS and Windows 9x systems (where it is called "MS-DOS Prompt"), or of the Unix shells used on Unix-like systems.

Source : Wikipedia.com

Advantages and Disadvantages of Command Pompt

Advantages:

·       Traditional operating system so less memory used.

·       Control every aspect of your computer.

·       It is fast as compared to other operating system.

·       Good for speed if you have a slow computer.

Disadvantages

·       Not User Friendly

·       Not GUI (Graphic User Interface).

·       Many of the advantages are mainly for Linux, not so much for Windows.

launch Command Prompt

Press Start -> Run and type cmd in the box.

Or

You can search cmd in the windows 7 start menu search bar and then click “cmd.exe”

It has a  black terminal window.

The command prompt should look something

like:

C:\>

Here you can type you commands.

Command prompt it NOT CASE SENSITIVE

It does not care if the command is of upper-case or lower case.

The “c:\>” this shows the location where you are typing your command currently you are in the c: drive .

Some of the command commands :

exit: Exit the Command Prompt program and close the terminal window.

C:\>exit [Enter]

Working with Files and Directories

dir: To view the contents of a directory, type dir. This command will list all the files and directories within the current directory.

Same as clicking the c: drive for seeing what folders and files it contains

C:\>dir

 Volume in drive C has no label.

 Volume Serial Number is EE09-D4F4

 Directory of C:\

03/06/2013  11:39 PM             3,072 ads_err.adi

03/06/2013  11:39 PM             4,559 ads_err.adm

03/06/2013  11:44 PM            13,785 ads_err.adt

06/11/2012  08:49 PM    <DIR>          ATI

06/11/2009  03:12 AM                24 autoexec.bat

06/11/2009  03:12 AM                10 config.sys

06/28/2013  05:49 PM                 0 END

06/23/2011  08:51 AM     2,581,336,064 F.3.A.R-Black_Box.iso

07/14/2009  08:07 AM    <DIR>          PerfLogs

07/16/2013  05:39 PM    <DIR>          Program Files

05/15/2013  08:12 PM                43 Prova.txt

06/14/2012  11:31 PM             2,210 shared.log

05/15/2013  09:15 PM    <DIR>          temp

06/11/2012  09:02 PM    <DIR>          Users

07/15/2013  11:17 AM    <DIR>          Windows

               9 File(s)  2,581,359,767 bytes

               6 Dir(s)  91,985,027,072 bytes free

Cd : Used to create directory or to move into a directory.

 It is frequently useful to know in which directory you are currently working. In order to find out, type

cd at the command prompt.

C:\> cd

C:\

To change directories, use the cd command with the name of a directory.

C:\> cd temp

Now, the command prompt will be:

C:\temp>

To see what is in this directory type:

C:\temp>dir

 Volume in drive C has no label.

 Volume Serial Number is EE09-D4F4

 Directory of C:\temp

05/15/2013  09:15 PM    <DIR>          .

05/15/2013  09:15 PM    <DIR>          ..

05/17/2013  01:07 AM               112 Logfile.xml

               1 File(s)            112 bytes

               2 Dir(s)  91,985,022,976 bytes free

To return to the previous directory, use the cd command, but this time followed by a space and two periods.

C:\temp> cd ..

C:\>

mkdir: To create a new directory, use the command mkdir. The following command creates a directory

named hello, which you can use to to store all of your files associated with the Hello World assignment.

C:\temp> mkdir good

To see that it actually worked, use the dir command.

C:\temp>dir

 Volume in drive C has no label.

 Volume Serial Number is EE09-D4F4

 Directory of C:\temp

07/22/2013  10:50 AM    <DIR>          .

07/22/2013  10:50 AM    <DIR>          ..

07/22/2013  10:50 AM    <DIR>          good

05/17/2013  01:07 AM               112 Logfile.xml

               1 File(s)            112 bytes

               3 Dir(s)  91,985,022,976 bytes free

move: Now, move the two files abc.text and readme.txt into the good directory using the move command.

C:\temp> move abc.txt hello

C:\temp> move readme.txt hello

C:\temp> dir

Volume in drive C has no label.

Volume Serial Number is C8C7-BDCD

Directory of C:\introcs

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR .

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR ..

02/11/2005 02:53 PM DIR hello

0 File(s) 0 bytes

3 Dir(s)

The two files are no longer visible from the current directory.

To access the two files, change directories with the cd command. Then use the dir command to see what

is in this new directory.

C:\temp> cd hello

C:\temp\hello> dir

Volume in drive C has no label.

Volume Serial Number is C8C7-BDCD

Directory of C:\temp\hello

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR .

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR ..

02/03/2005 11:53 PM 126 abc.java

01/17/2005 01:16 AM 256 readme.txt

2 File(s) 382 bytes

2 Dir(s)

You can also use move to rename a file. Simply specify a new filename instead of a directory name.

Suppose you accidentally messed up the upper and lower case and had saved abc.txt as

abc.txt. Use two move commands to fix it.

C:\temp\good> dir

Volume in drive C has no label.

Volume Serial Number is C8C7-BDCD

Directory of C:\temp\good

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR .

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR ..

02/03/2005 11:53 PM 126 abc.txt

01/17/2005 01:16 AM 256 readme.txt

2 File(s) 382 bytes

2 Dir(s)

C:\ temp\good > move abc.txt temp.java

C:\ temp\good > move temp.txt abc.java

C:\ temp\good > dir

Volume in drive C has no label.

Volume Serial Number is C8C7-BDCD

Directory of C:\ temp\good

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR .

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR ..

02/03/2005 11:53 PM 126 abc.txt

01/17/2005 01:16 AM 256 readme.txt

2 File(s) 382 bytes

2 Dir(s)

It takes two moves because Windows won't let you move to an already existing filename and, to Windows, abc.txt is the same as Abc.txt.

Copy : To make a copy of a file, use the copy command. The following command creates a backup copy of our Abc.txt program. This is especially useful when you modify a working program, but might want to revert back to the original version if your modifications don't succeed.

C:\temp\good> copy Abc.txt HelloWorld.bak

C:\temp\good> dir

Volume in drive C has no label.

Volume Serial Number is C8C7-BDCD

Directory of C:\temp\good

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR .

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR ..

02/03/2005 11:53 PM 126 Abc.txt

01/17/2005 01:16 AM 256 readme.txt

2 File(s) 382 bytes

3 Dir(s)

del: Subsequently, you might want to clean up useless files. The del command deletes a file.

C:\temp\good> del HelloWorld.bak

C:\temp\good> dir

Volume in drive C has no label.

Volume Serial Number is C8C7-BDCD

Directory of C:\introcs

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR .

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR ..

02/03/2005 11:53 PM 126 Abc.txt

01/17/2005 01:16 AM 256 readme.txt

2 File(s) 382 bytes

3 Dir(s)

WARNING: When you revise a file in jEdit, the jEdit program will automatically save a backup copy of your original file in the same directory. The name of the backup file will be the name of the original file with a ~ at the end. When you submit your program be careful to submit Abc.txt and not Abc.txt~ which is an old version of the file and has the wrong name.

wildcards: You can also apply the copy, del, and move commands to several files (or directories) at once. To create a new directory called loops, and copy all of the files in the hello directory

C:\temp\good\ into this newly created directory type:

C:\introcs> mkdir loops

C:\introcs> copy c:\temp\good\* loops

Here the * matches all files in the C:\temp\good directory. It copies them to your newly created loops directory.

Alternatives to disk volume defragmentation

Why do we need to Defragment  ... ?

Use reuse of files , deletion, modification creates fragments in the system . which makes the system slower..

Defragmentation ::
n the maintenance of file systems, defragmentation is a process that reduces the amount of fragmentation. It does this by physically organizing the contents of the mass storage device used to store files into the smallest number of contiguous regions (fragments). It also attempts to create larger regions of free space using compaction to impede the return of fragmentation. Some defragmentation utilities try to keep smaller files within a single directory together, as they are often accessed in sequence.
Fragmentation ::
Fragmentation occurs when the file system cannot or will not allocate enough contiguous space to store a complete file as a unit, but instead puts parts of it in gaps between other files (usually those gaps exist because they formerly held a file that the operating system has subsequently deleted or because the file system allocated excess space for the file in the first place). Larger files and greater numbers of files also contribute to fragmentation and consequent performance loss. Defragmentation attempts to alleviate these problem.

Common countermeasures ::

Partitioning ::
A common strategy to optimize defragmentation and to reduce the impact of fragmentation is to partition the hard disk(s) in a way that separates partitions of the file system that experience many more reads than writes from the more volatile zones where files are created and deleted frequently.
Offline defragmentation
The presence of immovable system files, especially a swap file, can impede defragmentation. These files can be safely moved when the operating system is not in use.

Some useful Terms :

You’ll need administrator rights to run the tool. So from the start menu, click All Programs > Accessories. Right-click on command prompt and select run as administrator.

How to defragment using Windows 7 Command Line

The defrag.exe command syntax initially looks a bit confusing:

Defrag <volume(s)> | /C | /E <volumes> [/A | /X | /T] [/H] [/M] [/U] [/V]

For help in command line type “ defrag ?”

Command Options :-

- A Display a fragmentation analysis report for the specified volume without defragmenting it.

- C Defragment all local volumes on the computer

- E Defragment all local volumes on the computer except those specified.

- H Run the operation at normal priority instead of the default low priority. Specify this option if a computer is not otherwise in use.

- M Run the operation on each volume in parallel. This is used primarily for SCSI or SATA type disks rather than the typical IDE.

- T Track an operation already in progress on the specified volume.

- U Print the progress of the operation on the screen.

- V Verbose mode. Provides additional detail and statistics.

- X Perform free-space consolidation. Free-space consolidation is useful if you need to shrink a volume, and it can reduce fragmentation of future files.

Methods  to Disk Volume Defragmentation

Method #1 – Using the Built-In Windows 7 Defrag Tool

First, let me cover the internal Windows 7 tool that allows you to defrag windows 7 hard disks. This tool is a lot better than the one available in Windows Vista (at least in its design and in the way it works) but the built-in tool lacks many user options and that is why I offer Method #2, below.

To run the Windows 7 built-in defragmenting tool follow these steps:

Open Windows Explorer. Right-click the desired partition and select Properties.

In the Tools tab, click on Defragment Now.

For those that feel that the built-in Windows 7 defrag tool lacks both in functionality and in UI, there are 3rd-party tools that may do a better job. One of them is Auslogic Disk Defrag.

Auslogic Disk Defrag is free for personal non-commercial use.

Method #3 – Using the Command line to defragment

Defrag <volume(s)> | /C | /E <volumes> [/A | /X | /T] [/H] [/M] [/U] [/V]

Download :
http://www.filehippo.com/download_auslogics_disk_defrag/

Learn C# programming language : Lesson 001 Introduction

Introduction to the C# language and .Net Framework

C# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language that enables developers to build a variety of secure and robust applications that run on the .net framework. You can use C# to crate traditional windows client applications, XML web services , distributed components, client-server applications, database applications, and integrated debugger, and many other tools to make it easier to develop applications based on version 4.0 of the C#  language and version 4.0 of the .NET framework.

C# language

C# syntax is highly expressive , yet it is also simple and easy to learn. The curly- brace syntax of C# will be instantly recognizable to anyone familiar with C, C++ or java. Developers who know any of these languages are typical bale to begin t work productively in C# within a very short time C# syntax simplifies many of the complexities of C++ and provides powerful features such an null-able value types, enumerations, delegates lamda expressions and direct memory access, which are not found in java. C# supports generic methods and types which provide increased type safety and performance and iterators, which enables implementer of collection classes to define custom iteration behavior that are simple to use by client code. Language Integrated Query (LINQ) expressions make the strongly typed query a first class language construct.

An Object Oriented language C# supports the concepts of encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphic, All variables and methods, including the Main method , the application's entry point , are encapsulated within class definitions, A class may inherit directly from one parent class, but it may implement any number of interface methods that override virtual methods in a parent class require the override keyword as a way to avoid accidental redefinition . 

There are no header files, and no requirement that methods and types be declared in a particular order. A C# file may define any number of classes, structs , interfaces , and events.

C#.net having code Best Security Because

1. it is case sensitive
2. Every statement ends with terminator i.e. semicolon(;)
3. Every Block quoted by curly Braces ({})
4. It is purely Maintain type Conversion.